《西藏研究》汉文版

1890年3月17日,英国强迫清中央政府签订不平等条约《中英会议藏印条约》,后经过3年交涉,就通商、交涉、游牧3个问题,于1893年12月5日又签订了《中英会议藏印续约》,开放"亚东为商埠",规定自开关之日起,皆准以5年为限,概行免纳进出口税。5年限满,查看情形,或可由两国家酌定税则,照章纳进出口税。从此以后,长期落后、封闭的西藏地方政府,被帝国主义用大炮轰开了大门。英帝国主义不仅获得了免税权,还获得了治外法权,西藏社会不仅逐步沦为半殖民地社会地位,也开始进入近代商业贸易畸形发展时期。

On March 17th in 1890,United Kingdom forced Qing central government to sign the first unequal treaty:"Treaty on the Sino-British Conference on Tibet and India".Through another three years negotiations over trade,negotiation and nomadic issues,on December 5th in 1893,China and British again signed the "Sino-British Talks on Tibet and India Contract" It stipulated Yadong region was opened up as a commercial port,and all import and export duties should be exempted within five years. After that,by actual situation,Qing central government might consult with United Kingdom on tax regulations satisfied.Since then,the long-term backward,closed Tibet local government was invaded by imperialists with artilleries.British imperialism gained not only the right to tax exemption,but also extraterritorial rights.Simultaneously,Tibet entered into semi-colonial society and started the period of abnormal development of modern businesses.