《西藏研究》汉文版

"西番十八族"曾长期活跃于宋、金、元、明等朝,是甘、青、川地区著名的吐蕃大族,对当地的政治、文化产生过较大的影响。宋、金、元、明时期的十八族有狭义与广义之分,狭义十八族是指具体的18个部落;广义十八族是一个笼统的称呼,它源于吐蕃六大姓氏之一的"董氏族姓"。元代十八族与岷州包家族有密切关系。岷州包家族原本是秦州近边的丁家族迁移而来,不大可能是董氏十八部族的后裔,但这并不妨碍进入元代以后一部分包家族已融入了洮、岷十八族,并成为洮、岷十八族的实际统治者。元朝末年包完卜癿任十八族元帅府元帅,以及洪武年间岷州卫属下十八族军民千户所之千户与大部分百户均由包家族后裔担任便是极好的证明。洪武初年,洮州十八族在明朝的打击下消失了,十八族军民千户所也被中左千户取代,其土官身份也随之成为流官,这在明初西北"土流参治"体制中是一个非常特殊的案例。

"The Eighteen Families of West Nations" which was very active in Song,Jin,Yuan and Ming dynasties,was a group of big families in the areas of Gansu,Qinghai and Sichuan,and had great power and influence over the local politics and culture.The narrowed meaning of "The Eighteen Families of West Nations" in Song,Jin,Yuan and Ming dynasties is a common name of some very special eighteen tribes;but"The Eighteen Families of West Nations" in generalized defination is just a general name,which came from "the Dongs's family name" which was one of the top six families in Tubo."The Eighteen Families of West Nations" in Yuan dynasty had very close relationship with Bao family in Minzhou.And even the Bao family moved to Minzhou from Ding family by Qinzhou,so that they couldn't be the decendent of the Dong's eighteen families,some members of Bao family still entered into "The Eighteen Families"-the Taos and the Mins for example,and further more,they became the real rulers of those families.At the end of Yuan dynasty,as the commander-in-chief of "The Eighteen Families",Bao Wanboqie is an example,and in the years of Hongwu,most of the masters of thousand households and hundred households in Minzhou,"The Eighteen Families"battalion came from the Baos can prove that,too.In the early years of Hongwu,"The Eighteen Families"in Taozhou was wiped out by Ming government,the mid-left thousand households took the place of"The Eighteen Families"battalion,so that the local officers became the pointed officers.And this was a very special case in the sharing system of the regional power bewteen the court and local forces in the early years of Ming dynasty.